مجله ترویج و توسعه آبخیزداری
پیاپی 47 (زمستان 1403)

Due to its geographical location, Iran has also been affected by this phenomenon and its disturbing effects. Therefore, the phenomenon of climate change and the need to adapt to it must be accepted as a reality and included in the country's planning and water sector management. This study develops watershed management alternatives that can ensure optimal climate change adaptation benefits under different climate scenarios. Climate change adaptation scenarios were compared and prioritized through a hierarchical analysis process. Then, using the WASPAS method, Dalki catchment sub-basins were prioritized regarding the use of alternative methods and predicted scenarios. According to the opinion of 8 experts, there are eight scenarios of installing water harvesting measuring devices and smart meters (S1), using watershed methods to store water (S2), changing the cultivation pattern (S3), changing the cultivation time (S4), developing new irrigation methods (S5). , introduction of new types of products (S6), creating a balance between feeding and harvesting through non-structural and structural arrangements (S7) and reusing water and replacing wastewater for agricultural purposes (S8) were introduced to adapt the watershed to climate change. Based on the obtained results, sub-basin 8-2-2-4 is in the first rank and sub-basin 9-2-2-4 is in the last rank in terms of applying criteria in the implementation of alternatives to adapt to climate change.

Wind is the main factor in the destruction and erosion of arid and semi-arid areas, and in order to prevent its destructive effects, sufficient knowledge of the characteristics of the winds in the region must be obtained. The purpose of this research is to investigate the erosive wind regimes using hourly data of wind speed and direction to draw sand rose, wind rose, storm flowers and also the potential of sand transport in 6 stations located in the Salt Lake basin to determine the speed classes. The wind and the ability to carry sand and its effect on the formation of sand dunes. By examining the relationship between the spatial pattern and the state of excitability of erosive winds, the conditions for the formation and expansion of sand dunes are determined. In this research, using WRPLOT and Sand Rose Graph software, anemometer data of 6 synoptic stations of Arak, Golpaygan, Imam Khomeini Airport (RA), Kashan, Qazvin and Qom were analyzed and analyzed in a statistical period of 20 years (2002-2021). The zoning of the final potential of sand transport and its annual and seasonal values were prepared using ArcGIS software. The results of the annual Wind Roses of the region showed that despite the great temporal and spatial changes of the wind in the region, most of the prevailing winds blow from the northwest and then the west. The annual storm flowers of the region showed that most of the dominant and erosive winds blow from the northwest. The annual assessment of Sand Rose in the studied stations shows that the highest value of the algebraic result of the sand carrying potential occurs at Qazvin station with 4220.2 vector units and the lowest value of the result occurs at Arak station with 93.1 vector units. The wind direction homogeneity index at Imam Khomeini Airport station (RA) has a wind regime of mixed multidirectional winds with a sharp angle, and in other stations, bidirectional winds with a wide angle occur. Taking into account the carrying capacity of each vector unit, the highest transferability of the amount of sand per year is about 295.4 cubic meters per unit of width at Qazvin station and the lowest transferability of sand per year is about 6.5 cubic meters per unit of width at the station. Arak was estimated. The high potential of the winds of the Namak Lake basin, especially the Qazvin station, has the potential to produce sediment caused by wind erosion. Also, more in-depth studies should be conducted on the effects of wind erosion on vegetation recovery, biodiversity and land productivity.

Although the scope of duties and the focus of action of the country's natural resources and water management organization are defined mostly with emphasis on the preservation, restoration, development and sustainable exploitation of vital basic resources in national lands, sustainable land management requires integrated planning for all elements. The watershed includes water, soil, plant, animal and human resources in any type of use and any type of ownership (national and exceptions). In the implementation of such principle, people's participation in all stages of project implementation is inevitable. In the last two decades, this issue has been the focus of the projects of the Natural Resources and Westatershed Management Organization of the country, including the international carbon sequestration project. The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the effectiveness of the ecological measures of the third phase of the mentioned project in the Oghan watershed of Galikash city in Golestan province. For this purpose, first the digital limits of the activities were determined, and in addition to visiting, field surveys, in-depth interviews with the target local communities and cost-benefit analysis, in order to explain the effectiveness of the activities in the management and sustainable use of water and soil. Action was taken. Among the effective activities in this area are conservation agriculture, creation of model farms, wood cultivation and management of runoff (banking and construction of catchment crescents), forest fire prevention and control, development of new energies. He pointed out the conversion of dry lands prone to water erosion to planting alfalfa, fruit trees and medicinal plants, industrial plants and waste management. In this research, using the available information on the impact of each type of land use on soil protection and carbon sequestration, the effectiveness of the above-mentioned activities was extracted. The results showed that the implementation strategy of the carbon sequestration project in the field of attracting facilitators for capacity building, institution building, education and empowerment of the target local communities had an important role in their participation in improving the cultivation pattern with the aim of water and soil protection. In this regard, the results showed that the measures taken have resulted in soil protection of 786.4 tons and carbon deposition in the amount of 1.39 million tons. Considering the positive effectiveness of the implementation of collaborative management projects on one hand, and the credit, organizational and human resource limitations facing the management of renewable natural resources on the other hand, it is suggested that the strategy of collaborative management be more seriously at the top of the programs. Follow the relevant organization.

Rural guide plans with the approach of reforming and improving infrastructure and the most important tool of rural development management, has a history of implementation for nearly three decades in the country. Currently, despite the efforts made, the problem of flooding and water shortage still remains in many villages of the country, including Fars province, where the guide plans has been implemented. In this research, the problems of guide plans from the perspective of watershed management have been investigated in two areas of flood management and watershed management. Spatial development of villages in the form of guide plans, regardless of the issues of flood management and aquifers, severely reduces the resilience of villages in two fields: floods and groundwater reduction. In order to increase the resilience of villages and a more comprehensive future study of guide plans, flood management (by maintaining waterways in the villages) and foresight regarding the implementation of watershed activities (by determining suitable lands) are suggested. The implementation of watershed management activities in the upstream of the agricultural lands around the villages) should be seen seriously in the guiding plans and in the direction of rural development and increasing the physical resilience of the villages. Paying attention to the watershed area upstream of the target villages, future research regarding water supply Sustainable agriculture with the strategy of watershed activities and rural flood management with the preservation of waterways and dry rivers in the area of the villages is necessary for this.

Land use changes are one of the parameters affecting global environmental changes. These changes affect a wide range of environmental features and natural resources, etc., based on this, it is of particular importance to check the accuracy of land use extraction maps to determine these changes for better management and more appropriate use of watersheds. The purpose of this research was to determine and examine high-precision methods for extracting land use maps for a part of the Damghan watershed. For this purpose, the user maps of the region were prepared using Landsat 8 satellite image processing, eCognition software and Google Earth Engine system for 2020.Then, the accuracy of the resulting maps was checked using Kappa coefficient, overall accuracy coefficient and user accuracy based on field studies in 100 random points, Google Earth images and information on the implementation plan carried out in the region. The results showed that the Kappa coefficient and the overall accuracy for the maps obtained from eCognition software are 0.94 and 0.95, respectively, and for Google Earth Engine 0.66 and 0.73; Based on this, the land use map prepared for the Damghan watershed using eCognition shows higher accuracy. Therefore, in areas with an area around the study area or less, to study and investigate land use changes It is better to use other remote sensing softwares, such as eCognition, which produce maps with higher accuracy and greater adaptation to land uses, instead of Google Earth Engine.

Water is the main element of human life and is considered as a valuable and irreplaceable commodity in the economic and social development of countries. Therefore, the present study examines the factors affecting the water demand of households in selected rural areas of Kerman city using Dematel method. This study was a descriptive-cross-sectional type and the questionnaire of this study was filled by experts and the results of Dematel’s cause and effect analysis showed that the measure of household income has the greatest influence on other variables of the model, which is equal to 0.96. The criterion of farm size and water quality also has the highest influence rate among other model variables, which is equal to 0.77. Also, the household income factor has the highest interaction with other factors of the system, which is equal to 1.61, so this variable was identified as the most important criterion for the water demand of rural households. Therefore, through culture building, advertising and sufficient information, we should act on the awareness of households regarding the consequences of the water crisis, and by creating a suitable platform, oblige them to take the necessary measures, change the habits and inappropriate behavior of water consumption, and save water. He consumed water.

This article presents the experimented model based on the approaches of natural resource protection and business development in response to flood risks and based on the ecological capacity of the watershed. The multi-purpose system for the protection and optimal exploitation of dry river natural resources, and in other words, the organization of dry rivers, oversees the critical points of the waterway network (slope less than 15%) and has features such as suitable soil cover on the banks, no private property, destruction of land and agricultural infrastructure due to Floods and unemployment, the existence of residential areas in the foothills of the dry river, the existence of watershed studies, especially social and economic and hydrological data, the existence of a new watershed mechanical structure or in the implementation plan, and finally, the existence of public demand are important. The output of the dry-land watercourse management system is annual flood control, sustainable exploitation of the mechanical structure of the watershed, the development of biomechanical and biological operations, the modification of the cultivation pattern of the region, the cultivation of Indigenous trees and medicinal plants in the territory of the system, water reservoirs and the site selection of irrigation canals regards to the location of agricultural lands. The dry-land watercourse of the Kolahjoob in the Markazi province included an economic-social plan, the establishment of a rural cooperative, and the participation of people in the cultivation model and business plan. All organizing plans have economic estimates and return on investment as well. It is worth mentioning that the plan to develop a dry-land stream of Kolahjoob as a model-technological multi-purpose project of the Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO) and Vice President Scientific Technology and Knowledge-Based Economy.